Effect of Turbulence on Wave Propagation in Evaporation Ducts above a Rough Sea Surface

A proper set of models are carefully selected from the literatures to form a wholistic perspective in simulating the wave propagation in evaporation ducts, under a close-to-realistic environment. The split-step Fourier (SSF) propagation algorithm is applied to analyze the propagation properties in evaporation ducts above a rough sea surface, with turbulence in the ducts. The scattering effect of the rough sea surface is modeled with an effective reflection coefficient, including the Miller-Brown correction factor for surface roughness. The turbulence effect is simulated with a two-dimensional Kolmogorov power spectrum of refractive index fluctuation, which is derived from the threedimensional Kolmogorov power spectrum using the WienerKhinchin theorem, including the anisotropic effect of the outer scales. The average M -profile, the outer scales of turbulence, and the structure constant of the refractive index are categorized under different atmospheric conditions. Simulation results are presented and discussed over all possible atmospheric conditions to better understand the effect of turbulence on the evaporation ducts.